Eons of Earth :
The Earth is approximately 4.543 billion years old.
The Universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old.
The Universe was approximately 9.257 billion years old
when our planet coalesced from a primordial cloud
of gas and dust.
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The following was retrieved from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia :
( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology ) on October 27, 2019.
Geology
"Geology (from the Ancient Greek γῆ, gē ("earth") and -λoγία, -logia, ("study of", "discourse")) is an earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Geology can also include the study of the solid features of any terrestrial planet or natural satellite such as Mars or the Moon. Modern geology significantly overlaps all other earth sciences, including hydrology and the atmospheric sciences, and so is treated as one major aspect of integrated earth system science and planetary science.
Geology describes the structure of the Earth on and beneath its surface, and the processes that have shaped that structure. It also provides tools to determine the relative and absolute ages of rocks found in a given location, and also to describe the histories of those rocks. By combining these tools, geologists are able to chronicle the geological history of the Earth as a whole, and also to demonstrate the age of the Earth. Geology provides the primary evidence for plate tectonics, the evolutionary history of life, and the Earth's past climates.
Geologists use a wide variety of methods to understand the Earth's structure and evolution, including field work, rock description, geophysical techniques, chemical analysis, physical experiments, and numerical modelling. In practical terms, geology is important for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation, evaluating water resources, understanding of natural hazards, the remediation of environmental problems, and providing insights into past climate change. Geology is a major academic discipline, and it plays an important role in geotechnical engineering."
The license terms of this written work from Wikipedia may be found at
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
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Science Articles and Publications
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The Mission of the Center for Bio-Cultural Diversity (CBD) is to cultivate Citizen Science activities in a professional setting.
The Mission of the CBD Astrolab is to offer the use of telescope time to the Museum of Northern Arizona members,
volunteers and employees along with their families.
The Mission of the CBD Photolab is to provide the opportunity for those with different skills in photography
to learn more and share their knowledge.
The Mission of the CBD Audiolab is to provide the opportunity for the study of sound in all of its manifestations.
The Mission of the CBD Geolab is to provide the opportunity for the study of rocks and minerals as well as
the geophysics of the earth as a whole.
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Phanerozoic Geological Timeline
Geological Society of America - 2009
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There are currently 118 known chemical elements exhibiting a large number of different physical and chemical properties. Amongst this diversity, scientists have found it useful to use names for various sets of elements, that illustrate similar properties, or their trends of properties. Many of these sets are formally recognized by the standards body IUPAC.
The following collective names are recommended by IUPAC:
Alkali metals – The metals of group 1: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr.
Alkaline earth metals – The metals of group 2: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra.
Pnictogens – The elements of group 15: N, P, As, Sb, Bi. (Mc had not yet been named when the 2005 IUPAC Red Book was published, and its chemical properties are not yet experimentally known.)
Chalcogens – The elements of group 16: O, S, Se, Te, Po. (Lv had not yet been named when the 2005 IUPAC Red Book was published, and its chemical properties are not yet experimentally known.)
Halogens – The elements of group 17: F, Cl, Br, I, At. (Ts had not yet been named when the 2005 IUPAC Red Book was published, and its chemical properties are not yet experimentally known.)
Noble gases – The elements of group 18: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn. (Og had not yet been named when the 2005 IUPAC Red Book was published, and its chemical properties are not yet experimentally known.)
Lanthanoids – Elements 57–71: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu.
Actinoids – Elements 89–103: Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr.
Rare-earth metals – Sc, Y, plus the lanthanoids.
Transition elements – Elements in groups 3 to 11 or 3 to 12.
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Our Mission is to cultivate Citizen Science in a professional setting while exploring the Colorado Plateau.
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"Study hard what interests you the most in the most undisciplined, irreverent and original manner possible."
..... Richard Feynman
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